Statistics In Medicine 4th Edition
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The text begins with a discussion related to planning studies and writingarticles to report results. Following this, it introduces statistics thatwould typically be covered in an introductory biostatistics course. Theseinclude summary statistics, distributions, two-way tables, confidenceintervals, and hypothesis tests. In addition, the authors give anoverview of a variety of more sophisticated statistical techniques suchas regression models for binary and count outcomes, survival analysis,equivalence testing, Bayesian analysis, and meta-analysis.
Since the third edition, there have been many developments in statistical techniques. The fourth edition provides the medical statistician with an accessible guide to these techniques and to reflect the extent of their usage in medical research.
The new edition takes a much more comprehensive approach to its subject. There has been a radical reorganization of the text to improve the continuity and cohesion of the presentation and to extend the scope by covering many new ideas now being introduced into the analysis of medical research data. The authors have tried to maintain the modest level of mathematical exposition that characterized the earlier editions, essentially confining the mathematics to the statement of algebraic formulae rather than pursuing mathematical proofs.
Peter Armitage has a Cambridge M.A. in mathematics and a London Ph.D, in Statistics. He was a Statistician for the Medical Research Council from 1947-61, and Professor of Medical Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine from 1961-76. He then moved to Oxford, first as Professor of Biomathematics, later as Professor of Applied Statistics and head of the new Department of Statistics, retiring in 1990. His research has centred around the development of methods for medical statistics, especially clinical trials. He is a Past President of the International Biometric Society, International Society for Clinical Biostatistics, and Royal Statistical Society, and edited Biometrics 1980-84. He was appointed C.B.E. in 1984.
'...this is a volume which could usefully, and perhaps should, be read from cover to cover by anyone embarking on the study of medical statistics. For those already working in the area, it should at least be on their bookshelves.' Short Book Reviews, Volume 22, Number 2, August 2002
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Charting Outcomes in the Match: Senior Students of U.S. MD Medical Schools Characteristics of U.S. MD Seniors Who Matched to Their Preferred Specialty in the 2022 Main Residency Match (3rd edition)
Charting Outcomes in the Match: Senior Students of U.S. DO Medical SchoolsCharacteristics of U.S. DO Seniors Who Matched to Their Preferred Specialty in the 2022 Main Residency Match (3rd edition)
Charting Outcomes in the Match: International Medical Graduates Characteristics of International Medical Graduates Who Matched to Their Preferred Specialty in the 2022 Main Residency Match (4th edition)
This fourth edition of the manual builds on the risk assessment framework introduced in the third edition. A thorough, evidence-based and transparent assessment of the risks allows safety measures to be balanced with the actual risk of working with biologicalagents on a case-by-case basis.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; latest edition: DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022[1]) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common language and standard criteria. It is the main book for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in the United States and is considered one of the principle guides of psychiatry along with the ICD, CCMD and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual.
The DSM evolved from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, as well as from a United States Army manual. Revisions since its first publication in 1952 have incrementally added to the total number of mental disorders, while removing those no longer considered to be mental disorders.
Recent editions of the DSM have received praise for standardizing psychiatric diagnosis grounded in empirical evidence, as opposed to the theory-bound nosology (the branch of medical science that deals with the classification of diseases) used in DSM-III. However, it has also generated controversy and criticism, including ongoing questions concerning the reliability and validity of many diagnoses; the use of arbitrary dividing lines between mental illness and "normality"; possible cultural bias; and the medicalization of human distress.[2][3][4][5][6]
The DSM-IV-TR (4th. ed.) contains specific codes allowing comparisons between the DSM and the ICD manuals, which may not systematically match because revisions are not simultaneously coordinated.[10] Though recent editions of the DSM and ICD have become more similar due to collaborative agreements, each one contains information absent from the other.[11] For instance, the two manuals contain overlapping but substantially different lists of recognized culture-bound syndromes.[12] The ICD also tends to focus more on primary-care and low and middle-income countries, as opposed to the DSM's focus on secondary psychiatric care in high-income countries.[9]
The initial impetus for developing a classification of mental disorders in the United States was the need to collect statistical information. The first official attempt was the 1840 census, which used a single category: "idiocy/insanity". Three years later, the American Statistical Association made an official protest to the U.S. House of Representatives, stating that "the most glaring and remarkable errors are found in the statements respecting nosology, prevalence of insanity, blindness, deafness, and dumbness, among the people of this nation", pointing out that in many towns African Americans were all marked as insane, and calling the statistics essentially useless.[13]
In 1900, an ISI conference in Paris reformed the Bertillion Classification, and created the International Classification of Causes of Death (ICD).[21] This would later be known as the ICD-1. Another conference would be held every ten years, and a new edition of the ICD would be released. Non-fatal conditions were not included.
In 1917, together with the National Commission on Mental Hygiene (now Mental Health America), the American Medico-Psychological Association developed a new guide for mental hospitals called the Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane. This guide included twenty-two diagnoses. It would be revised several times by the Association and its successor, the American Psychiatric Association (APA), and by the tenth edition in 1942, was titled Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals of Mental Diseases.[23][24]
The first edition of the DSM notes in its foreword: "In the late twenties, each large teaching center employed a system of its own origination, no one of which met more than the immediate needs of the local institution."[26]
The foreword to this edition describes itself as being a continuation of the Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals of Mental Diseases.[26] Each item was given an ICD-6 equivalent code, where applicable.
An influential 1974 paper by Robert Spitzer and Joseph L. Fleiss demonstrated that the second edition of the DSM (DSM-II) was an unreliable diagnostic tool.[44] Spitzer and Fleiss found that different practitioners using the DSM-II rarely agreed when diagnosing patients with similar problems. In reviewing previous studies of eighteen major diagnostic categories, Spitzer and Fleiss concluded that "there are no diagnostic categories for which reliability is uniformly high. Reliability appears to be only satisfactory for three categories: mental deficiency, organic brain syndrome (but not its subtypes), and alcoholism. The level of reliability is no better than fair for psychosis and schizophrenia and is poor for the remaining categories".[45]
The DSM-IV was organized into a five-part axial system. Axis I provided information about clinical disorders, or any mental condition other than personality disorders and what was referred to in DSM editions prior to DSM-V as "mental retardation". Those were both covered on Axis II. Axis III covered medical conditions that could impact a person's disorder or treatment of a disorder and Axis IV covered psychosocial and environmental factors affecting the person. Axis V was the GAF, or global assessment of functioning, which was basically a numerical score between 0 and 100 that measured how much a person's psychological symptoms impacted their daily life.[63]
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the DSM-5, was approved by the Board of Trustees of the APA on December 1, 2012.[72] Published on May 18, 2013,[73] the DSM-5 contains extensively revised diagnoses and, in some cases, broadens diagnostic definitions while narrowing definitions in other cases.[74] The DSM-5 is the first major edition of the manual in 20 years.[75] DSM-5, and the abbreviations for all previous editions, are registered trademarks owned by the American Psychiatric Association.[3][76]
Beginning with the fifth edition, the APA communicated that they intend to add subsequent revisions more often, to keep up with research in the field.[79] It is notable that DSM-5 uses Arabic rather than Roman numerals. Beginning with DSM-5, the APA will use decimals to identify incremental updates (e.g., DSM-5.1, DSM-5.2)[b] and whole numbers for new editions (e.g., DSM-5, DSM-6),[80] similar to the scheme used for software versioning. 59ce067264
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